Term's(S-Z)

Terms-S

saw tooth wave

The Waveform's Resemblance to Teeth on blade of a saw gave it the name Sawtooth Wave. It is also called Saw Wave. These waves incline upwards and sharply drops down.

schematic diagram

Illustration of an electronic circuit with the components represented by their symbols.

Schmitt trigger

When an input signal to a digital circuit un- matches the characteristics of a digital signal it can have some sort of noise. This circumstance require a specialized circuit that will modify a signal and make it to actual or true digital shape. The required circuit can be said as Schmitt Trigger. But the trigger for this circuit to change forms is the input voltage state, instead of a digital pulse or more simply we can say that the output state depends on the input state

Schottky diode

High speed diode having very little junction capacitance.

secondary

Output winding of a transformer. Winding that is connected to a load.

secondary cell

Electrolytic cell used to store electricity.

semiconductor

An element which is neither a good conductor or a good insulator but mixture of two.

seven segment display

Device made of several light emitting diodes arranged in a numeric or alphanumeric pattern.

slide switch

Switch having a sliding button.

square wave

Wave that alternates between two fixed values for an equal amount of time

step-down transformer

Transformer in which the output AC voltage < input AC voltage

step-up transformer

Transformer in which the output AC voltage > input AC voltage

switching transistor

transistor made to change rapidly between saturation and cut-off.

Terms-T

turn-off time Sum of storage time and fall time.

turn-on time Sum of delay time and rise time.

turns ratio Ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding of a transformer to the number of turns in the primary winding.

telephone Device made to convert sound waves into electrical waves

telephone line Wires existing between subscribers and stations in a telephone system.

telex Teletypewriter exchange service.

temperature coefficient of frequency Rate at which frequency changes with temperature.

tera (T) Metric prefix that represents 10¹².

terminal Point at which electrical connections are made.

tesla (T) Unit of magnetic flux density. (1 tesla = 1 Wb/m²).

thermal relay Relay activated by a heating element.

thermometry Refers to the measuring of temperature.

thermostat Device that opens or closes a circuit in response to changes in temperature.

thick-film capacitor Capacitor consisting of two thick-film layers of conductive film separated by a deposited thick-layer dielectric film.

thin film capacitor Capacitor in which both the electrodes and the dielectric are deposited in layers on a substrate.

thyristor A term used to classify all four layer semiconductor devices.

time division multiplexing (TDM) Transmission of two or more signals on the same path, but at different times.

transducer Device that converts energy from one form to another.

transformer Inductor with two or more windings.

transistor Term derived from "transfer resistor." Used as amplifer-Type-Npn & Pnp Transistors

transmission Sending of information.

transmitter Device used to achieve transmission.

trigger  Pulse required to initiate a circuit action.

triggering A trigger is a type of system that uses simple schedule to decide which processes in a particle detector to keep when only a small fraction of the total can be stored

 Terms-U

ULP. Upper Level Protocol.

ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY. The band of frequencies from 300 megahertz to 3 gigahertz.

ULTRASONIC. Sounds above 20,000 hertz. Supersonic.

UMOS. A type of MOS [Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor] FET [Field Effect Transistor].

UNIDIRECTIONAL. In one direction only.

UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR (UJT). A three-terminal, semiconductor device

UNIT. A single object or thing.

UPPER-FREQUENCY CUTOFF. The highest frequency a circuit can pass.

UPPER SIDEBAND. All of the sum frequencies above the carrier.

USB. Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices

UXGA. Ultra Extended Graphics Array. A video resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels

 Terms-V

voltage source Circuit that gives voltage to a load.

voltaic cell Primary cell used to produce a voltage.

volt-ampere Unit of apparent power in an AC circuit .

 voltmeter Instrument used to measure difference in potential between two points.

 volume Magnitude or power level of audio frequency. Measured in volume units (VU).     

 valence shell The outermost electron shell for a given atom.

 variable capacitor Capacitor whose capacitance can be change by varying the distance between the plates.

 variable resistor Resistor whose resistance can be changed or varied.

 VCR Abbreviation for "video cassette recorder."

 vector Quantity having both magnitude and direction.

 very high frequency (VHF) Electromagnetic frequency band from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.

 very low frequency (VLF) Frequency band from 3 kHz to 30 kHz.

 volt Unit of potential difference or electromotive force. One volt is the potential difference needed to produce one ampere of current through a resistance of one ohm.

 voltage (V) Term used to represent electrical pressure or force that causes current to flow.

 voltage amplifier Amplifier designed to make signal voltage.

 voltage divider Fixed or variable series resistors connected across a voltage to get a required fraction of that voltage.

 voltage drop Voltage or difference in potential formed across a component due to current flow.

voltage gain Ratio of amplifier output voltage to input voltage usually expressed in decibels.

voltage regulator Device or circuit that maintains constant output voltage or regulates voltage.

 Terms W

wave Electric form which travels at the speed of light and consists of a combined electric and magnetic effect.

waveform Shape of a wave.

wavelength  Equal to waveform velocity divided by frequency.

weber (Wb) Unit of magnetic flux.

wet cell Secondary cell using a liquid as an electrolyte.

wheatstone bridge Four arm bridge circuit used to measure resistance, inductance or capacitance.

winding One or more turns of a conductor wound in the form of a coil.

wire Group of conductors having a low resistance to current flow.

wireless No wired between two communicating points.

work amount of energy transferred by a force  

watt Unit of electrical power required to do work at the rate of one joule per second.

watt-hour Unit of electrical work

wattmeter Instrument used to calculate electric power in watts

 Terms-X

X_C.

Symbol Capacitive reactance.

XENON

A rare gas.


X_L.

Symbol inductive reactance.

XLR CONNECTOR.

A shielded 3-conductor microphone plug.

XOFF.

ASCII transmission-control character meaning “Transmitter off.”

XON.

ASCII transmission-control character meaning “Transmitter on.”


XTAL

Short for crystal.

 Terms-Y

YAW

Side to side motion in a vehicle.

Y-AXIS.

In a gyro, an axis through the center of gravity and perpendicular to the spin axis. The vertical axis on a chart.

YIG

Yttrium-Iron-Garnet.

YIG Crystal

A crystal made of Yttrium & Iron

Y-TILT.

The deviation of a camera from the vertical caused due to the pitch of the aircraft.

 Terms-Z

Z axis

Axis perpendicular to both X and Y axes.

zener diode

A Zener diode is specially designed so as to have a  reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. A Zener diode contains doped p-n junction allowing electrons to Channel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material

zeroing

Calibrating a meter so that it shows a value of zero when zero is being measured

Term's(K-R)

Terms-K

KC.
Kilocycle {obsolete, now kHz}.

Kilovolt-ampere

1000 volts at 1 ampere.

Kilowatt-hour

1000 watts for 1 hour.

Kilowatt-hour meter

A meter used  to measure the amount of electric power used.

Kinetic energy

Energy associated with motion.

Kirchhoff"s current law

The sum of the currents flowing into a point in a circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing out of that same point.

Kirchhoff"s voltage law

The algebraic sum of the voltage drops in a closed path circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of the source voltages applied.

Knee voltage

The voltage at which a curve combines two relatively straight portions of a characteristic curve.

KELVIN.
A unit of temperature equal to 10 Celsius.

KERNEL.
A part of a program that  performs a unit function.

KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS.
The algebraic sum of the current flowing toward any point in a circuit and the current flowing away from it is zero.

KNEE OF THE CURVE.
The point of maximum curvature of a magnetization curve

Terms-L

..

Laminated core
Core composed of  sheets of magnetic material insulated from one another by an oxide.

Lamp
Equipment that produces light.

Laser
The name is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Lead-acid cell
Cell composed of lead plates immersed in a sulphuric acid electrolyte.

Leakage
Undesirable flow of current through an insulator or dielectric.

LED
Abbreviation for "light emitting diode."

Left-hand-rule
If fingers of the left hand are placed around a wire so that the thumb points in the direction of electron flow, the fingers will be pointing in the direction of the magnetic field being produced by the conductor.

Lenz's law
Lenz's law tells about the direction of the induced electromotive force (emf) and current coming from electromagnetic induction

Lie detector
Piece of electronic equipment also called a polygraph used to determine whether a person is telling the Truth or False.


Light-emitting diode
A semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into electromagnetic radiation. illuminating device used as an indicator of state or status

Load
The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific point or points on a system

Loss
Term used to describe a decrease in power.

Terms-M

..

magnet

Used to attract or repel magnetic materials.  

magnetic coil

Spiral of a conductor which is called an electromagnet.

magnetic core

Material that exists in the center of the magnetic coil

magnetic field

Magnetic lines of force traveling from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet.  

magnetic flux

The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet.

minority carriers

The conduction band holes in n-type material and valence band electrons in p-type material.

modulation

To superimpose characteristics of a signal on a carrier frequency for transmission of the signal

monostable multivibrator

A multivibrator with one stable output state.

molecule

Smallest particle of a compound   

MOSFET

Abbreviation for "metal oxide field effect transistor" also known as an "insulated gate field effect transistor).

multimeter

Electronic test equipment that can perform multiple tasks.

multivibrator

A class of circuits made to produce square waves or pulses.

mutual inductance

Mutual Inductance is property of electric circuits in which an electromotive force so called emf is induced by the process of electromagnetic induction in one of the circuits by a change of current in any one of them

Terms-N

..

NAND.

A logic function of X and Y that is true if either X or Y is false.

NAND CIRCUIT.

The output is logic 0 only if ALL inputs are logic 1; it is logic 1 if ANY input is logic 0.

Negative feedback

A feedback signal 180° out of phase with an amplifier input signal.

N-type semiconductor

A semiconductor compound formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with a pentavalent element. An n-type material has an excess of conduction band electrons.

Negative charge

A charge that has more electrons than protons

Neon bulb

Glass envelope filled with neon gas.

Neutral

Neither positive or negative.

Non-linear scale

A scale in which the divisions are not equally spaced.

North pole

Pole of a magnet out of which magnetic lines of force are thought to originate.

Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex or we can say Any network of voltage sources and resistors can be replace by a single current source in parallel with a single resistor. 

Terms-O

Octal Number system .

A number system based on powers of eight. Used in Computer System Analysis.

Octave

Interval between two sounds whose fundamental frequencies differ by a ratio of 2 to 1. 440 Hz. is one octave above 220 Hz.

Ohm

Unit of resistance symbolized by the Greek capital letter omega (W).

Ohmmeter

Device used to calculate electrical resistance.

Ohm's law

Ohm's law states that current in a resistance varies in direct proportion to voltage applied and inversely proportional to resistance. v=ir

Ohms per volt

Relates to a value of ohms per volt of full scale defection for a moving coil meter movement.

Operational amplifier

An operational amplifier, is usually referred to as an op-amp. These devices have very high gain. On the left are the input terminals and on the right side are output terminals. Used for signal amplification.

Oscillator

An electronic circuit that produces a continuous output waveform with only DC given to it.  

Oscilloscope

An instrument used to see a signal graphically.

Output impedance

Impedance computed across the output terminals of a device without a load connected.

Output power

Amount of power a system can deliver to a load.

Overload Condition

Occurs when the load is greater than the system was designed to handle.

Terms-P

..

Positive ion

Atom that has lost one or more valence electrons.

Potential difference

Voltage difference between two points which causes current to flow in a closed circuit.

Peak

Maximum or highest amplitude level.

Phase

Angular relationship between two waves. 

Photoconductive cell

Material whose resistance decreases and conductance increases on being exposed to light.

Photo detector

Component used to detect or sense light.

Photometer

Meter used to calculate light intensity.

Photon

A particle of light.

Photo resistor

Also known as a photoconductive cell or light dependent resistor. An electronic component whose resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of incident light

Photovoltaic cell

Commonly called a solar cell used to convert light energy into electrical energy.

Piezoelectric effect

the direct conversion of electrical to mechanical energy or vice versa in some crystalline materials. Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Pnp transistor

A bipolar junction transistor with an n-type base and p-type emitter and collector.

Pole

In an active filter, a single RC circuit.

Polarity

Used to describe positive and negative charges.

Positive charge

having a higher electric potential

Potential energy

Energy that has potential to do work & has potential to be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.

Potentiometer

A variable resistor with three  terminals.

Power

The amount of work done per unit of time.Measured in units of watts. (joules/second).

Power amplifier

An amplifier designed to give maximum power output to a load.

Power dissipation

Amount of heat energy generated by a device in one second when current flows from it.

Power loss

Ratio of power absorbed to power delivered.

Power supply

Electrical equipment used to deliver either AC or DC voltage.

Primary

First winding of a transformer.

Printed circuit board -PCB

a thin plate on which chips and other electronic components are placed

Propagation

Movement of electromagnetic, electrical or sound waves through a medium.

Pulse

Rise and fall of some quantity for a period of time.  

Pulse fall time

Time for a pulse to decrease from 90% of its peak value to 10% of its peak value.

Pulse rise time

Time required for a pulse to increase from 10% of its peak value to 90% of its peak value.

Pass band

The range of frequencies that will be allowed and amplified by a tuned amplifier.

Passive component

Component that does not amplify a signal.

Passive filter

A filter that contains only passive or non amplifying components

Terms-Q

QDU

QDU Quantization distortion units

QIC

Quality Information Using Cycle Time Hewlett-Packard Quarter inch Cartridge

QDPSK

Quadrature differential phase shift keying

Queue
is a list where any new item is added to one end and items are deleted from the
other. For e.g Queue of People taking a Ticket from Counter.

Terms-R

..

RMS value: Rms value of an AC sine wave is 0.707 times the peak value.

radar Acronym for "radio detection and ranging"

   

reactance Its Symbol is "X". Opposition to current flow without the dissipation of energy.

receiver Unit or piece of device used to receive information.

 

rectification Process that converts alternating current to direct current.

 

rectifier Diode circuit that converts alternating current into pulsating direct current.

regulated power supply Power supply that maintains a regulated and constant output voltage under changing load conditions.

 

regulator Device or circuit that maintains and regulates a desired output under changing conditions.

 

relay Electromechanical device that opens or closes contacts when a current is passed through a coil. E.g Photo Timer

 

reluctance Resistance to the flow of magnetic lines of force.

 

resistance Symbolized "R" and measured in ohms. Obstruction in path of current.

 

resistor Component composed of material that opposes flow of current.

resistor color code Coding system of colored stripes on a resistor to indicate the resistor's value and tolerance value.

resonance Circuit condition that occurs at the frequency where inductive reactance (X_L) equals capacitive reactance (X_C).

 

reverse bias Bias on a PN junction that allows only leakage current (minority carriers) to flow.

reverse breakdown voltage Amount of reverse bias that will cause a PN junction to break down and conduct in the reverse direction.

 

reverse current Current through a diode when it is reverse biased.

RF Abbreviation for "radio frequency."

rheostat Two terminal variable resistor used to manage current.

ripple frequency Frequency of the ripple present in the output of a DC source.

ripple voltage The small changess in Dc voltage that are left out after filtering in a power supply.

rise time Time for the leading edge of a pulse to rise from 10% of its peak value to 90% of its peak value.

rms Abbreviation for "root mean square"